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bedtools 每天都会用到的工具

作者: 五速梦信息网
时间: 2026年04月04日 13:50

Collectively, the bedtools utilities are a swiss-army knife of tools for a wide-range of genomics analysis tasks. The most widely-used tools enable genome arithmetic: that is, set theory on the genome. For example, bedtools allows one to intersect, merge, count, complement, and shuffle genomic intervals from multiple files in widely-used genomic file formats such as BAM, BED, GFF/GTF, VCF. While each individual tool is designed to do a relatively simple task (e.g., intersect two interval files), quite sophisticated analyses can be conducted by combining multiple bedtools operations on the UNIX command line.

Summary of available tools.

bedtools support a wide range of operations for interrogating and manipulating genomic features. The table below summarizes the tools available in the suite.

Utility	Description
annotate	Annotate coverage of features from multiple files.
bamtobed	Convert BAM alignments to BED (& other) formats.
bamtofastq	Convert BAM records to FASTQ records.
bed12tobed6	Breaks BED12 intervals into discrete BED6 intervals.
bedpetobam	Convert BEDPE intervals to BAM records.
bedtobam	Convert intervals to BAM records.
closest	Find the closest, potentially non-overlapping interval.
cluster	Cluster (but don’t merge) overlapping/nearby intervals.
complement	Extract intervals _not_ represented by an interval file.
coverage	Compute the coverage over defined intervals.
expand	Replicate lines based on lists of values in columns.
flank	Create new intervals from the flanks of existing intervals.
genomecov	Compute the coverage over an entire genome.
getfasta	Use intervals to extract sequences from a FASTA file.
groupby	Group by common cols. & summarize oth. cols. (~ SQL “groupBy”)
igv	Create an IGV snapshot batch script.
intersect	Find overlapping intervals in various ways.
jaccard	Calculate the Jaccard statistic b/w two sets of intervals.
links	Create a HTML page of links to UCSC locations.
makewindows	Make interval “windows” across a genome.
map	Apply a function to a column for each overlapping interval.
maskfasta	Use intervals to mask sequences from a FASTA file.
merge	Combine overlapping/nearby intervals into a single interval.
multicov	Counts coverage from multiple BAMs at specific intervals.
multiinter	Identifies common intervals among multiple interval files.
nuc	Profile the nucleotide content of intervals in a FASTA file.
overlap	Computes the amount of overlap from two intervals.
pairtobed	Find pairs that overlap intervals in various ways.
pairtopair	Find pairs that overlap other pairs in various ways.
random	Generate random intervals in a genome.
reldist	Calculate the distribution of relative distances b/w two files.
shuffle	Randomly redistribute intervals in a genome.
slop	Adjust the size of intervals.
sort	Order the intervals in a file.
subtract	Remove intervals based on overlaps b/w two files.
tag	Tag BAM alignments based on overlaps with interval files.
unionbedg	Combines coverage intervals from multiple BEDGRAPH files.
window	Find overlapping intervals within a window around an interval.