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北京企业建站模板,管理咨询公司组织架构,游戏门户网站 织梦,网站建设服务 杭州1.常见英语写作困扰 英语写作应该是越精炼越好。写完一个句子#xff0c;建议尝试删除某个或某些单词#xff0c;如果删除后句子意义基本不变#xff0c;就应该删除。 1.1 所有格 使用所有格可以省去至少一个单词#xff08;of#xff09;,如#xff1a;Kangs book T…1.常见英语写作困扰 英语写作应该是越精炼越好。写完一个句子建议尝试删除某个或某些单词如果删除后句子意义基本不变就应该删除。 1.1 所有格 使用所有格可以省去至少一个单词of,如Kangs book  Thomass coffee 大多数情况直接在后面加s。少数情况下单词以s结尾时只加单引号而不加s。如果实在不确定是否可以用所有格时就还是用of,如:  the book of Iris 但需要注意的是代词所有格his,hers,its,theirs,yours和oneself后面都不应该加单引号。 1.2 多词或词组 三个或三个以上单词连在一句话里时应该都用逗号分隔最后一个之前多半用and连接也可能是or、but等连词例如 (1) Monday, Wednesday and Friday (2) solid, dashed, dotted or patterned line (3) old-fashioned, stubborn but hardworking (4) The user reads the instruction, clicks on the start button and works on the experiment 如果多词列举未尽相当于中文的“等等”后面可以用etc.(注意带着句号)或and so on,两者意思一样它们之前必须有逗号但如果etc.结束一个语句则其后只写一个句号如 (1) Bauhaus instructors, Kandinsky, Klee, etc., all taught entry level art courses. (2) Twenty universities include Harvard, Stanford, MIT, etc. 1.3 逗号分割的句型 一句话用逗号分割既要考虑分割的必要性例如为避免被误解又不能严重影响到语句阅读的流畅性。 A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments. 这里known as B-spline的前后两个逗号不能只写一个。如果把两个逗号都删除句子也成立不至于被误解只是不那么强调新引进的 B-spline概念。 但需要注意的不要用逗号连接两个相关但独立的语句比如 Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program. The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution. 这两个句子语法完整最多可以用分号分割即 Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution. 而不要用逗号分割。如果整句不长用逗号分割时逗号前应加一个连词如and。 Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a programand the call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution. 这里如果用which代替 and call graph似乎使整句更简洁但会出现二义性which指的是call graph还是program? 同样需要注意不要用句号分割本来应该完整的句子如 She is an excellent speaker. A professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences. 这里的第一个句号显然应该是逗号其后的a小写。 She is an excellent speakera professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences. 1.4 括号 很多人喜欢把相关的、解释性的或举例的等意思写在括号里。这里需要知道一条规则就是括号部分应该不算作句子的任何成分。换句话说去掉括号里的内容该语句同样完整只是读起来被括号中断类似上面所说的逗号分割的情况。 如果用括号将独立的一句话或短语包围则句号应该放在右括号的前面。 1.5 引号 论文中有时需要引用别人说过的话或者出版物发表过的陈述。 用正式文档作为例证时引导出这类文档的引用句应该由冒号结束如 The experiment guideline is: Download the two image files img1.jpg and img2.jpg. 如果引用句正好在宾语的位置就可以用逗号结束引导句如 Sky says, The point digs itself into the plane. 如果被引用的是一段话则引导句以冒号结束后换行被引用的段落可以不用引号但最好用斜体如: In his book entitled Point and Line to Plane(1926), Kandinsky wrote: The point digs  itself into the plane. 1.6 修饰词 使用修饰词常见的错误是修饰词的位置放得不对造成误解或二义性如 All the switches are not turned on. 到底是并非所有的switches都turned on即有的on,有的off,还是所有的switches都没有turned on(即没有一个on)? 如果是前者Not all the switches are turned on. 如果是后者None of the switches is turned on. 类似地 The facility is only accessible to us this year. 这里的only是修饰us还是修饰this year? 如果是前者The facility is accessible this year only to us. 如果是后者The facility is accessible to us only this year. 这两个语句意思显然不同。 1.7 动词短语 使用动词短语可以避免主语的重复。换句话说一个语句前的动词短语其主语应该和该语句的主语一样只是被省略了如 Using a visualization approach, we are able to present the concept intuitively. 两部分主语都是we. 1.8限定性和非限定性定语从句 A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.                                                                        这个从句是限定性的。限定性意指如果将该子句删除整个句子就失去意义了。在此情况下不应该前后加逗号。 非限定性从句则应该由逗号前后分割删除从句和逗号后句子依然成立。 The B-spline alogorithm, which is popular in computer-aided design applications, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments. The participants, who came from three different schools, took the experiment seriously. 这里的从句只起到对主句补充说明的作用所以从句与主句也可以写成两个独立的语句 The B-spline alogorithm  is popular in computer-aided design applications. Its draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments. The participants came from three different schools. They took the experiment seriously. 1.9 肯定与否定 使用肯定形式使语句直截了当避免否定形式、拖泥带水和犹豫不决的说法比如 Sofatware maintenance is not an easy and cheap task. 就不如 Software maintenance is a challenging and costly task. 再如 The system is not fast enough to process a large number of images in real-time. 就不如 The system is too slow to process a large number of images in real-time. 在科技写作中尤其不要使用带感情色彩的负面形容词如 The system is terribly slow and cannot process a large number of images in real-time. 这里的terribly不应该有。但是用extremely和very虽然感情因素少了但不仅不准确而且多余可以删除。类似的词还有certainly。 有时负面情绪比not更直接、斩钉截铁如 The program could not return correct results. 就不如 The program failed to return correct results. 1.10 主动与被动语态 主动语态通常比被动语态更直接、更严谨。尤其科技英语中。被动语态往往会产生二义性比如 Our approach uses call graphs to represent program behavior. 显然比 Call graphs are used to represent program behavior by our approach.强很多。不仅直截了当而且简练。如果为了简练将被动句后by our approach去掉则会出现二义性或误解即谁、哪个方法或哪个工作用call graph来表示program behavior? 科技论文中不该用第一人称即 I作为主语。所以很多情况下主语是we。问题是为了避免被动语态不得不重复使用we。但太多的语句用we起始又显得单调和乏味。有时也可以用our work或our approach等说法代替。在没有必要特指谁的情况下可以用中性词one当主语比如 Comparing the two painting in Figure1one may pbserve their similarity in style. 另外为了减少使用we:给自己的工作方法或系统起个名称然后在很多需要用we的情况下就直接使用该名称当然它应该是第三人称。 在上下文很清楚的情况下被动语态有时可能会更精简所以可以少量用一些被动语态。但中国学生在用被动语态时常犯一个错误就是把整个动作语句写作主语谓语动词完全只是起到完成句子的作用比如 A survey on this direction of research was made by Smith[1] in 2010. 这里的made只是为了使这个语句完整。显然写成 This direction of research was surveyed by Smith[1] in 2010.更精简。 但是需要避免一个被动语态影响另一个被动语态例如 The Finish button is not allowed to be pressed in the middle of the experiment. 可以写成 Pressing the Finish button in the middle of the experiment is prohibited. 或者 It is prohibited to press the Finish button in the middle of the experiment.(不如上面的写法) 有些情况下被动语态完全没有必要如 The algorithm has been proven to be run in polynomial time 可以写成 The algorithm has been proven to run in polynomial time. 1.11 时态 写科技论文时最好都用现在时。只有在回顾相关工作时可以采用过去时但也同样可以用现在时。但无论用什么时态一定要保持一致不要在一段或一节里用不同的时态。 介绍操作时尽量不要用进行时或将来时。 1.12 单数与复数 很多人在统指某人时喜欢用they而上下文分明指的是单数。 比如 Everybody needs to provide their name.(错) 应该写成 Everybody needs to provide his or her name. 再如 Each person first states which city they were born.(错) 应该写成 Each person first states which city he or she was born. 1.13 比较级 没有比较时也就是没必要用than时不要写more,否则more的作用和意思与less没什么区别。 1.14 平行结构和排比句 平行结构的几个语句应该写成类似句法比如 Ten years agoJava was a favorite programming languagewhile now people prefer Python.(不好) 可以写成 Ten years agoJava was a favorite programming language; now Python is preferred. 这种并行原理同样适合多个并行词组的写法如 The buttonthe checkboxmenu and scrollbar错 应该写成 The buttoncheckboxmenu and scrollbar. 或者 The buttonthe checkboxthe menu and the scrollbar不如上面简练. 再如 In Figure 1Figure 3and in Figure 5.(错) 应该写成 In Figure 1Figure 3 and Figure 5或更简练 In Figures 13 and 5。 或者 In Figure 1 in Figure 3 and in Figure 5不如上面简练。 也就是说第一个词加以冠词或介词后面的都不加或者后面的词都加不能有的加有的不加。 这种一致性结构的原则同样适用于连词如both, and; either, or; not, but; first, second, third等相连的词组比如 It is presented either as a pie chart or a bar chart.错 应该改为 It is presented as either a pie chart or a bar chart. 也就是把词的顺序调换一下即可。 再如 It is both a clear illustration and precise.错 完全不是并列句形式所以应该改为: The illustration is both clear and precise. 如果有三个以上平行句或多词组合可以用要点形式bullet points如果有很多并行词组或项目建议用表格罗列。总之科技论文以清晰、精准和易读为准绳。 [1]张康. 英文科技论文写作与发表[M].北京清华大学出版社, 2020.